Gay Marriage Constitutional or Not Free Essays

â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†. This is probably one of the most famous quotes involved in the Declaration of Independence. But what happens when our government starts deciding who is qualified for this rights and who isn’t? We are supposed to be one of the most advanced countries in the world, we fight for the rights of people around us, and somehow we cannot seem to find tolerance among ourselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Gay Marriage: Constitutional or Not or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why is being different so bad? Nowadays, we start to become a society that experiences a hard time accepting the different thoughts and ways of living of our fellow citizens. An example of this would be the struggles for the homosexuals across America to find an approval for same sex marriages. Although the Declaration of Independence says that every American has the right for the pursuit of happiness, for some reason neither the government nor the people in the US seem to understand that happiness can and should be different for every individual.As time goes by and news show up, I am more than convinced that same-sex marriages are not harmful for the society and therefore, should be approved right away. Many people see marriage as the culmination of the love for another human being, as finding the person to spend the rest of your life with. So, as Kathy Belge states, â€Å"if two people love each other, shouldn’t they be allowed the same rights, privileges and responsibilities, no matter their genders? We have to take into account that most people who can’t get married with their partner have no benefits whatsoever over their partner†™s assets, so if they’re together it’s solely for love.Then why is it so hard to just let them be happy by consummating their union under the law? Society sees marriage as a sacred act of commitment and believes that same-sex marriage will end the purity of such union. As Belge delivers, â€Å"when someone can compete on a television reality show to â€Å"Marry a Millionaire†, the argument about saving a sacred institution seems kind of pointless. Many people have the same question in mind: why is it a big deal? Why are they making such a commotion out of a situation that doesn’t really concern most of us? Unfortunately, our culture has a hard time, some people find it impossible, to accept the differences between human beings. We want everyone to be on the same economic level, to have the same beliefs, even to wear the same clothes, and we constantly forget about one of the promises of our country: individuality. When the Pilgrims came to this continent, they were seeking for a place where they could be themselves without anyone tormenting them.Under this belief, the founders of our nation set the United States of America, assuring that everyone could have a distinctive life without judgment or fear to be who they are. The inconformity of the rest of us, who can actually understand what individuality means, is shown in The Associated Press article which reports that â€Å"same-sex marriage supporters gathered outside a federal building and wait for a judge’s decision overturning California’s same-sex marriage ban in San Francisco. † These kinds of protests are not exclusive in California.In Madison, WI, a tour called â€Å"Summer for Marriage- One Man and One Woman Tour† was planning to appear in the city. In response, the gay community lead by Katie Belanger decided to â€Å"call for the repeal of the state’s constitutional ban on same sex marriage† and to â€Å"rally on the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus, and a march to the state Capitol. † The article also declares that â€Å"hundreds of protesters shouted down same-sex marriage opponents today on the steps of the state Capitol. † It is no surprise that soon many other states will join them in different protests across the country.The gay community throughout America is not planning to back down. Pro-gay marriage associations gain both strength and numbers as time goes by, so it will be no surprise that eventually the government understands and gives homosexuals their right to be happy. States like Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Vermont already allow same-sex marriage to take place. Hopefully more states will follow their lead and realize that maybe change is what this country needs to stand out from the rest of the world. Humankind comes in different colors, shapes and beliefs. It’s time to lose our fear and conceive that maybe different is not so bad after all.Belge , Kathy. â€Å"Pro Gay Marriage-Why Gay Marriage Should be Legal. † N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Aug. 2010. . Associated Press. â€Å"Calif. Gays Must Wait To Wed During Prop 8 Appeal† NPR. 17 August 2010. 22 Aug. 2010. . Melchert, Randall. â€Å"Homosexual activists mob pro-marriage rally in Madison, WI. † N. p. , 27 July 2010. Web. 25 Aug. 2010. . How to cite Gay Marriage: Constitutional or Not, Papers

Significant Woman Cleopatra Essay Example For Students

Significant Woman Cleopatra Essay Significant Woman: CleopatraI chose to write my Significant Woman paper on Egypts last pharaoh, Cleopatra. When I began my report, I knew very little about Cleopatra, except that she was the mistress of both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony of Rome. I wondered what impacts on history Cleopatra made on her own. I feel that Cleopatra was a very significant woman in history because she was very aggressive and assertive, characteristics that have always been considered unfeminine. At the same time, however, Cleopatra has been remembered by some as somewhat of a sex object, which is and always has been a common judgement of attractive females. Cleopatra did use her sex appeal to her advantage. It was one of the few manipulations that nobody could take away from her, and it was a very convincing form of persuasion. We will write a custom essay on Significant Woman Cleopatra specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Cleopatras family had been ruling Egypt since 305 BC, when Ptolemy I declared himself King of Egypt sometime after Alexander the Greats death. The Ptolemy family was of Macedonian decent, not Egyptian. Cleopatra, more precisely, Cleopatra VII, was the third daughter of Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Auletes, who began his rule of Egypt in 80 BC. Cleopatra VIIs mother could possibly have been Cleopatra V Tryphaena, who either died or disappeared in 68 BC, right after Cleopatra VIIs birth in 69 BC. Cleopatra VII had two older sisters, Cleopatra VI and Berenice IV, and one younger sister, Arsinoe IV. She also had two younger brothers, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV. Ptolemy XII ruled until his death in 51 BC, with only a brief interruption in 58 BC when his second eldest daughter, Berenice IV, took over the kingdom. His will named Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as heirs to the throne. Leaders in Rome were named as guardians and were to uphold the choice of Ptolemy XII for the two to marry and jointly rule Egypt. Ptolemy II had established these brother-sister marriages as custom when he married his sister Arsinoe II. As children, Cleopatra and her siblings witnessed the defeat of their guardian, Pompey, by Julius Caesar in a duel. Meanwhile, Cleopatra and her brother/husband Ptolemy XIII were dueling, albeit silently, over the throne. In the middle of all this turmoil, Julius Caesar left Rome for Alexandria in 48 BC. During his stay in the Palace, he received the most famous gift in history: an oriental carpet . . . with a 22-year-old Cleopatra wrapped in. She counted on Caesars support to alienate Ptolemy XIII. With the arrival of Roman reinforcements, and after a few battles in Alexandria, Ptolemy XIII was defeated and killed. In the summer of 47 BC, having married her younger brother Ptolemy XIV, Cleopatra and Caesar embarked for a two-month trip along the Nile, aboard a legendary boat. Together, they visited Dendara, where Cleopatra was being worshipped as Pharaoh, an honor beyond Caesars reach. They became lovers, and indeed, she bore him a son, Ptolemy XV Caesar Caesarion. In 45 BC, Cleopatra, Ptolemy XIV, and Caesarion left Alexandria for Rome, where they stayed in a palace built by Caesar in their honor. Caesars acts were anything but overlooked by the Romans. In 44 BC, he was killed in a conspiracy by his Senators. With his death, Rome split between supporters of Mark Antony and Octavian. Soon after Caesars death, Cleopatra returned to Egypt. It is believed that Ptolemy XIV survived the trip home, but died shortly thereafter. Many believe that Cleopatra had him killed. This is possible because he was 15 years old and would probably start to assert his right to the throne. Cleopatra was watching Rome in silence, and when Antony seemed to prevail, she supported him and, shortly after, they too became lovers. .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a , .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .postImageUrl , .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a , .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:hover , .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:visited , .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:active { border:0!important; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:active , .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mayan Civilization EssayMark Antonys alliance with Cleopatra angered Rome even more. The senators called her a sorceress and accused her of all sorts of evil. The Romans became even more furious as Antony was giving away parts of their Empire Tarsus, Cyrene, Crete, Cyprus, and Palestine one after the other to Cleopatra and her children, which, in addition to Caesars son, included Antonys twins Cleopatra Selene and Alexander Helios and his son Ptolemy Philadelphus. It was the boiling point when Octavian declared war on Cleopatra, and off the coast of Greece in the Adriatic Sea, they met in one of the most famous battles in history: Actium. The Egyptian defeat was often attributed to the early withdraw of a coward Cleopatra from the battle scene, although this claim is now discredited by most historians. Octavian waited for a year before he claimed Egypt as a Roman province. He arrived in Alexandria and easily defeated Mark Antony outside the city. Antony asked to be taken to Cleopatra. He died in her arms and was buried as a King. Octavian entered Alexandria in 30 BC. Cleopatra was captured and taken to him, and the Roman Emperor had no interest in any relation, reconciliation, or even negotiation with the Egyptian Queen. Realizing that her end is close, she decided to put an end to her life. It is not known for sure how she killed herself, but two small puncture wounds left on her arm have led many to believe that she used an asp as her death instrument. However, there were no signs of a snake or any poison present at the scene of her death. With the death of Cleopatra, a whole era in Egyptian history was closed. Alexandria remained the capital of Egypt, but Egypt is now a Roman province. The age of Egyptian Monarchs gave way to the age of Roman Emperors, and Cleopatras death gave way to the rise of Rome. The Ptolemies were of Macedonian decent, yet they ruled Egypt as Egyptians as Pharaohs. And, indeed, Cleopatra was the last Pharaoh.

Abraham Maslow and Motivation free essay sample

Abraham Harold Maslow was born on April 1, 1908, in Brooklyn, New York. American psychologist Abraham Maslow was a member of the humanistic school of psychology. Maslow proposed a theory of motivation based on a categorization of needs, suggesting that an individual progress from satisfying basic needs such as those for food and sex to satisfying the highest need for what he called self-actualization or the fulfillment of ones potential. Mallow believed that self-actualization could only be attained once basic needs had been met.In  1954  American  psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed that all people are motivated to fulfill a hierarchical pyramid of needs. At the bottom of Maslow’s pyramid are needs essential to survival, such as the needs for food, water, and sleep. The need for safety follows these physiological needs. According to Maslow, higher-level needs become important to us only after our more basic needs are satisfied. These higher needs include the need for love and belongingness, the need for esteem, and the need for self-actualization (in Maslow’s theory, a state in which people realize their greatest potential). We will write a custom essay sample on Abraham Maslow and Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The cornerstone of Maslow’s position is his theory of motivation that he first posed in two articles published in 1943 when Brooklyn College (1943a, 1943b). Maslow centered his theory of motivation on the hierarchy of human needs. He contended that humans have a number of needs that are â€Å"instinctoid†, that is, innate. The American psychologist Abraham Maslow devised a five level hierarchy of motives that, according to his theory, determine human behavior. Maslow ranks human needs as follows: (1) physiological needs; (2) safety needs; (3) belongingness and love needs; (4) esteem needs; (5) self – actualization.Physiological needs, These are the needs directly related to survival that we share with other animals. These are basic needs such as food, water, sex, elimination and sleep. Theses needs are extremely important and must be satisfied. But, according to Maslow, psychology has overemphasized the importance of such needs. Safety needs, this is the second human need in the hierarchy. When the physical needs are satisfactorily met, the safety needs emerge as dominant motives. Included here are the needs for structure, order, security and predictability.The person operating at this level is very Kellian, in that the primary goal is to reduce uncertainty in his or her life. These needs are most clearly seen operating in children, who typically show great fear when confronted with unpredictable events. The satisfaction of the safety needs assures individuals they are living in a safe environment free from danger, fear and chaos. For example, security products such as alarm systems, insurance such as life assurance etc. Belongingness and love needs, the third cluster of needs in the hierarchy of needs.Included are the needs for affiliation with others and for the feeling of being loved. With the physiological and safety needs essentially satisfied, the person now is driven by the need for affiliation. Included in these needs are the needs for friends and companions, a supportive family, identification with a group, and an intimate relationship. If these needs are not met, the person will feel alone and empty. Maslow believed the failure to satisfy needs at this level is a major problem in the United States and this explains why so many people are seeking psychotherapy and joining support groups.Esteem needs, the fourth cluster of needs in the hierarchy of needs. Included are the needs for status, prestige, competence and confidence. If one is fortunate enough to satisfy one’s physiological, safety and belongingness and love needs, the need for esteem will begin to dominate one’s life. This group of needs require both recognition from other people that results in feelings of prestige, acceptance and status and self esteem that result in feelings of adequacy, competence, and confidence. Both types of feelings usually result from engaging in activities considered to be socially useful.Lack of satisfaction of the esteem needs result in discouragement and feelings of inferiority. Self- actualization, highest level in the hierarchy of needs, which can be reached only if the preceding need levels have been adequately satisfied. The self-actualization individual operates at full capacity and is motivated rather than demotivated. Hence, if all the lower needs have been adequately satisfied, the person is in a position to become one of the rare people who experiences self-actualization.Maslow hoped that his work at describing the self-actualizing person would eventually lead to a â€Å"periodic table† of the kinds of qualities, problems, and even solutions character istic of higher levels of human potential. Over time, he devoted increasing attention, not to his own theory, but to humanistic psychology and the human potentials movement. Maslows view of motivation provides a logical framework for categorizing needs, but it does not supply a complete picture. Motivation arises from the need that an individual posses.Hence, knowing how and why to motivate employees is an important managerial skill because of its significance as a determinant of performance and its intangible nature. Motivation can be defined as the set of forces that cause people to choose certain behaviors from among the many alternatives open to them. The importances of motivation for an organization are: it puts human resources into action, improves level of efficiency of employees, leads to achievement of organizational goals and it leads to stability in the workforce.Motivation is important as it puts human resources into action, this is so because the more motivated the employees are, the more they will be inspired t o aspire as well as empower other employees who require physical, financial and human resources to accomplish the goals. Hence, it is through motivation that the human resources to accomplish the goals. This can be achieved by building willingness in employees to work for example reward employees by giving employees’ monetary and non –monetary incentives and promotion opportunities.This will help the organization in securing their workers who efficiently utilize the resources. Hence, people want to contribute to organizational effectiveness and are able to make genuine contributions. The organizations responsibility is to create a work environment that makes full use of available human resources. Motivation is also important as it improves the level of efficiency, an employees effort to performance expectancy is the individuals perception of the probability that effort will lead to high performance.This expectancy ranges from zero to one, with 1 being a strong belief that effort will lead to high performance. The employees will be adaptable to changes and there will be no resistance to changes, this will result in profit maximum through increased productivity. Another importance of motivation is that it leads to achievement of organizational goals; this approach suggests that managers and subordinates should set goals for the individual on a regular basis and that rewards should be tied to the accomplishment of goals.Research support for goal-setting theory is more consistently favorable than any other single approach to employee motivation. The goals of an organization can be achieved by utilization of resources, co-corporative environment which brings stability, employees are goal directed, and goals can be achieved if co-ordination takes place simultaneously which can be effectively done through motivation.

6 Proven Ways for Women to Get a Higher Salary

6 Proven Ways for Women to Get a Higher Salary By now, you’ve likely heard the rather grim statistics: on average, women earn less money than men for comparable jobs. In 2015, women made 80 cents for every dollar earned by men in the same roles, according to the Institute of Women’s Policy Research. The whys and hows of this salary difference is kind of a political football- everyone seems to have an opinion why that is, or even whether the gender gap truly exists. While that discussion is for another time and place, let’s go with the stats on this one, and look at how women can overcome challenges and pay disparities to improve their own salary outlook. 1. Be your own best advocate.The first thing you need to do is understand that this is your ball to carry. No one is going to come along with a big check and say, â€Å"You know what, you deserve more money. Take this!† No matter how awesome you are at your job, or how above and beyond you’ve gone lately, it’s most likely going to be up t o you to help ensure that you’re being compensated as much as possible.This is something I’ve struggled with personally throughout my career. I’ve always had the mindset of, â€Å"I’m gonna work really hard, and be really great at this, and people are going to notice and reward me accordingly.† Guess what? Praise and acknowledgment don’t necessarily translate into higher salary. Once I realized that it was on me to make sure I was making what I was worth- and taking positive, proactive steps to make that happen.2. Know your market value.This is key. Increasing your salary is going to be very difficult if you don’t really know what other people are making in your field and at your experience level. If your ask isn’t reasonable, your chances of getting a bumped-up salary are somewhere in the area of â€Å"laughed out of the room.†In another hard lesson in my career, a colleague who was leaving our company let me know what he was earning there (we had the same job title and responsibilities). It was significantly more than I was making at the time, and I was floored. When I brought this up to my boss, her response? â€Å"You weren’t supposed to know that.† Maybe not, in some unspoken â€Å"talking money is rude† kind of way, but I did know it, and it gave me a number to aim for when it came time for the annual review and salary increase.You shouldn’t have to rely on the grapevine to know what others are making, but you also probably shouldn’t walk right up to your coworkers and demand to see their pay stubs. We have tons of great tools available to us to find out what others are making in our industry, and what we can reasonably expect based on experience, location, etc.:Salary.comPayScaleGlassdoorYou can use all of these without having a single awkward conversation about salary and personal finances. Don’t hesitate to have as much information at your disposal as possible. And don’t let anyone convince you that it’s rude to talk numbers when it comes to your own career and salary goals.4. Negotiate every time.According to Stanford-based leadership expert Margaret A. Neale, women just don’t negotiate at the rates that men do. And in fact, Linda Babcock, author of Women Don’t Ask, found that while 57% of men negotiate salary, only about 7% of women do. Seriously, 7%! It looks like everyone- men and women alike- should be negotiating more, but especially women. Not negotiating is like closing a door without checking to see if anyone’s there. How do you know if there’s an opportunity to increase your salary if you haven’t even tried yet?And don’t think that negotiation is just for new job offers- you should be negotiating your salary at every chance, including annual reviews, after times when you’ve gone above and beyond at work or taken on new responsibilities successfully, and/ or when you discover that your market value is higher than your current salary level. Whether you’re a negotiation newbie or want to bump up your skills and become a master negotiator, we have plenty of resources for you:Your Comprehensive Guide to Negotiating SalaryHow to Get a Raise at Work6 Tips for Negotiating the Salary You WantThe Super Easy Guide: How to Negotiate a Raise and PromotionThere are also lots of experts online who have honed their negotiating skills, and want to share that information with other women. Resources like MichelleMotivateMe are a great place to start:Once you get over any hesitations about getting in there and playing the negotiation game, you’ll have started advocating for yourself and your salary goals in the best and most direct way possible.5. Think small (company).If you’ve tried negotiating and still fallen short of your salary goals, it might be time to think about switching companies. Hired.com investigated wage gaps at dif ferent kinds of companies, and came up with some intriguing statistics around the unfortunately traditional wage gap. It turns out that smaller companies and startup companies are less likely to have significant wage gaps, compared to companies that were bigger and more corporate, or that had been established longer.The thinking behind this? Small companies tend to have more visibility into salaries, which is an equalizer. If employees know that Frank two desks away is making more for the same job, the company has an employee relations incentive to keep things more equal. The other interesting angle was that startup (or â€Å"seed stage†) companies may have less pay disparity because they have less flexibility in the salaries they can offer employees, so they can’t really afford to offer one employee a drastically different salary than another employee in the same role.So what does this mean for your own salary? You might want to consider whether there are companies in your field that can offer you better salary- less established companies that you may not have considered before.6. Think outside your career box.If you feel like you’re stuck in a pay rut, you might also want to consider a job change. There are growing fields, like logistics/trucking, manufacturing, and information technology, where women are the minority of workers. Many women have the base skills necessary for these â€Å"middle-skill† jobs (which often don’t require a college degree), but just aren’t pursuing them at the same rate men are. If you’re looking for more opportunities to segue into higher-paying roles, one of these industries might be a great path for you. (Just don’t forget to negotiate!)The good news is that statistics may inform us about what’s going on, but they don’t have to define us- or our careers. There’s no reason to accept the status quo when it comes to your own career and your goals. If youâ €™re a woman and you’re interested in boosting your earning potential, you have tools to help you do that. And if more women take control of their salary destiny and start using all of those tools, we can start changing those stats, one closed gap at a time.

African History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

African History - Essay Example Two women shaped Kings early life, one was his mother and other was his maternal grandmother. Martin Luther had great belief in God, which was nurtured by his father and other close relatives. He encountered church every Sunday and there some 4,000 members of Atlanta’s Black community found refuge from the mistreatment that was their daily experience in a state where segregation laws where strictly enforced. He sooner started realizing the hard life of Black Africans who were ill treated by Whites. Later in life he became enthralled by the work of Mahatma Gandhi who fought against the British colonial rule. So he wanted to help American Blacks win their freedom, not from foreign rule but from injustice. Martin Luther chose the non – violent way of preaching which was able to captivate Black and white listeners alike. Later he became a Christian minister in church and a leading figure in the fight for Black people’s right by organizing many peaceful marches, protests and speeches. The revolution of Martin Luther king was part of the ongoing struggle of Black Americans for equality and civil rights. For a dozen years, this charismatic Baptist minister and his legion of followers had confronted the humiliating system of segregation that had kept Black Americans second- class citizens. In doing this, King and his disciples had faced a raging storm of white abuse. They had been beaten, arrested, jailed and spat upon. They had their homes and churches burned, their families threatened, their friends and allies murdered. Yet they kept on. They marched; staged boycotts and sit –ins; they broke unjust laws and, in the end, they awakened the nation and world to the shame of American racial persecution. Through it all, no matter how badly provoked, no matter how brutal their enemies, they have never turned into violence, because with every ounce of his being Martin Luther King believed in non – violence. Martin Luther King received the world’s highest

The Global Impact of Wireless Network System on the Individuals and Assignment

The Global Impact of Wireless Network System on the Individuals and the Society - Assignment Example As the report stresses numerous types of wireless correspondence systems exist; however, a distinguishing quality of a wireless network is that correspondence takes the spot between PC devices. These devices incorporate personal advanced assistant’s laptops, personal computers, servers, and printers. PC devices have processors, memory, and a means of interfacing with a specific kind of network. Customary mobile phones do not fall inside of the meaning of a PC device; in any case, more up to date phones and even sound headsets are starting to fuse figuring power and network adapters. In the end, most electronics will offer wireless network connections. According to the discussion findings wireless networks are networks that are not joined by cables of any sort. The use of a wireless network enables enterprises to maintain a strategic distance from the costly process of bringing cables into buildings or as an association between distinctive gear locations. The wireless systems' basis is radio waves, a usage that takes place at the physical level of network structure. Wireless networks use radio waves to unite devices such as laptops to the Internet, the business network and applications. At the point when laptops are joined with Wi-Fi problem areas out in the open places, the association is established to that business' wireless network. As with networks based on wire, or optical fiber, wireless networks pass on data between PC devices. The data can take the type of email messages, site pages, and database records, streaming video or voice.

Examine the implications of EU for European industrial relations Essay

Examine the implications of EU for European industrial relations - Essay Example The effects of advancing European integration on national systems of industrial relations, and the associated need for a systematic analysis of the conditions, forms, and direction of the Europeanisation and 'supranationalisation' of industrial relations, have long ago attracted the attention of researchers. Although a number of valuable comparative studies have appeared in the last decade (Ferner and Hyman 1992; Hyman and Ferner 1997; Bispinck and Lecher 1999), by and large these have not concerned themselves with the specific context of the European Union and the transnational dimension of industrial relations. (Wolfgang Lecher, 133) In particular, there has been almost no systematic consideration of the interaction between and consequences of the co-existence and superimposition of supranational and national relations between state actors and the parties to collective bargaining, both for systems of industrial relations and for broader areas of policy at the various levels of the European Union's multi-tiered system of governance. Similarly, there has been little research into the effects of the horizontal interaction between differing national systems of industrial relations and approaches to social and economic organization which are embedded in the same EMU and, as a result, are subject to the pressures of mutual regime competition. 1.According to Jelle Visser (http://www.ser.nl/_upload/b23574_4.pdf) prior to the EMU, industrial relations in member states seemed to follow one of two broad tracks: 1. Attempts at cross-border co-ordination among trade unions in continental welfare states and in what broadly can be described as the D-mark zone (Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and, although not member of EMU, Denmark) to seek wage increases within specified parameters and thereby preventing upward wage pressure (endangering monetary stability) and downward wage competition and social dumping. 2. The adoption of or attempt at tripartite Social Pacts in peripheral or 'catch-up' countries outside the D-mark zone (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece) and those prospective EMU members which were confronted with deep structural changes (Ireland, Finland), prioritising national competitiveness, addressing crisis situations and preparing for EMU membership. This view sets out from the position that the developments referred to above constitute structuring elements in a future system of European industrial relations, organised around two dynamic poles-the company-centred transnational level and an overarching macro level, with its institutional focus in the 'social dialogue'. It expects the guaranteed rights to information and consultation which will result from the across-the-board establishment of European works councils (EWCs) in the wake of the Directive to create the foundations for the possibility of company-based collective bargaining on issues such as training and working time. Moreover, EWCs are to promote the conver gence of workplace employee representation across Europe and act as a catalyst for the harmonisation of trade union policies on employment issues and collective bargaining. (Wolfgang Lecher, 135) This optimistic standpoint sees a positive link between trade union demands for participation, on the one hand, and the establishment of new post-Fordist systems of production and