Ancestral Lines The Anthropological Matter of Gender Roles - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1932 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/16 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Gender Roles Essay Did you like this example? Out of all of the subjects presented to us in introductory anthropology, none has sparked such a discussion as week eights topic of gender and power. The interest of the class interested me, and I chose to focus on this anthropological theme for that reason. Anything that triggers such an intense reaction, from both female AND male participants might I add, certainly warrants some more attention and research. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ancestral Lines: The Anthropological Matter of Gender Roles" essay for you Create order Regarding any background information, I have consulted my class notes as well as the PowerPoint provided online. During lecture of week eight we discussed ideas such as harassment, historical influences on misogyny, the differences in patriarchies and matriarchies around the world, several analogous relationships between women and men, the voice of women, and other nuances of the domain of females. Some of my favorite parts of those thoughts included the article by Amanda Hess outlining her experience with harassment, which incorporated her profession, experiences of other individuals, and the role of the internet in the problem. That part of lecture really brought to light the disparities between men and women by highlighting the amount of harmful or harassing messages each gender gets in their lifetime. Additionally, of the many analogous relationships defined, my favorite by far was that of Sherry Ortner, who equated females to nature where as men were more like culture. This one struck me because of the unspoken meaning of this comparison, with nature being of course where we all start, but eventually we evolve and advance enough to accumulate a culture, making us a civilized people. Thus, women are primitive, and men are advanced. Further, you can look at it on a much more surface level and realize that women dealt with the natural things such as childbirth, breastfeeding, and gardening while men were put in charge of things that made up the culture like politics, religion, and the economy. The other most intriguing part of the lesson was Mary Beards opinions and observations about the voice of women in history and literature. She teaches that womens voices were only heard in one of three ways: if they were portrayed as the victim, had a claim in a sectional interest, or as they take on an androgynous identity. We can see the victim as we analyze the damsel in distress as she is allowed to speak about situations where she feels helpless. We can see the sectional interest (more so in history) as women were allowed to make the decisions where women were regarded. We can see the androgynous identity in our female politicians who wear power suits and lower/change their voices to gain authority and respect. This one is also clear in classical history with the goddess Athena, who was stripped of femininity when she was named the champion of Athens. These three main points; the differences in harassment between the genders, the analogy of culture versus nature, and the voices of women concept, were the arguments in lecture that piqued my interest. In Friday lab for week eight, we discussed the role of gender in marketing. The experience in lab this week also led me to choosing this theme. Our group is very good at discussing the given issues extremely openly, but most of the time it takes us a few minutes to warm up to the topic. However, when the floor was opened for us to give our opinions on the pieces, nearly every hand went up immediately. This subject continued to be a source of intrigue and passion for all students. We discussed Hollywoods twisted views of both men and women and the harmful stereotypes it pushes at impressionable viewers. Additionally, we inspected the act of discriminating in the work place based on traits such as gender, good looks, and other uncontrollable characteristics. The best part of this discussion was definitely getting into the male perspective. In lecture we had focused majorly on the pitfalls of being a women and how men usually had a role in that. However, especially as we talked about marketing and stereotypes, the boys in the lab classroom spoke up about Hollywoods portrayal of tough and handsome men in movies and ads. They spoke about the unrealistic expectations that society and women in particular have in regard to mens bodies, looks, and overall tough-guy/hero appeal. We acknowledged and examined how the highest demographic of suicides in the country was the middle-aged male and how we can see that being ignored and further perpetuated in harmful marketing and media. Having all of this information made me realize the following particular things while reading Ancestral Lines and le arning more about the Maisin people of Papua New Guinea. First is the difference in division of labor. Girls are the first to be put to work caring for the younger children with their mothers, cooking, creating things for the household, and cleaning. Boys enjoy their autonomy for slightly longer, but by their mid-teens are expected to help their fathers on hunting and fishing expeditions. Already the advantage is given to the male in the situation. The next observation, continuing the assumption that males have it much easier in the Maisin society, is the different ceremonies marking the rite of passage into adulthood. For boys, their passage is marked by a celebration and feast that lasts several days at a time. However, girls encounter a painful operation of getting elaborate facial tattoos over the course of four to six weeks. This operation leaves them bloodied, scabbed, and swollen for much of the time, and they are secluded in the tattooists home for a period. This passage is supposed to replace the girls plain faces with a beautiful more attractive version to entice future husbands. It is easy to see the inequality occurring in these practices, although they are currently going out of fashion with the younger generation. At village meetings the elder men sit in intimate circles on a raised platform and younger men lounge in the shade nearby, learning from their seniors. The women and children sit far off and strain to hear the male leaders talk, leading to a gap in information and a disconnect from the opinions of the average woman. Then, in a further show of division, the younger girls bring refreshments to the men, crawling on their knees with downcast eyes to show respect. That being said, there is a space for women to share their voice, and that is when they are elders themselves. The Maisin society regards the senior women of the village as great sources of advice, wisdom, and tradition, treating them with the upmost respect. When young women marry they face lots of new obligations and expectations as they try to meet every demand of their new husband and his family as well as submitting timidly to the wishes of their new authority figures, especially the mother in law. However, women hold some power in marriages because bride wealth is observed in this area of the world. Brides also are granted the ability to return to their own families at any point in the relationship, which revokes the land rights she came with as well as the children she bore (especially if the bride wealth hadnt fully been paid yet). An important theme presented in the book is that Maisin society tends to favor submissive females and assertive males. However, the author urges the reader to understand that the Maisin are an adapting people, and that when the opposite personality traits occur in the sexes, within limits, they are not considered improper. The rules of the society still apply, but allowances can be made as long as respect is given, and peace is kept. In my opinion, this can be an example of syncretism, as the author lets us know that is it the younger generations who exhibit such nontraditional behaviors and the elders begrudgingly try to accept them. These younge r people are growing up in a Maisin society that has been influenced by western ideals and religions that encourage independence and strength, which we can also see as the new generations are turning away from antiquated practices such as the facial tattoos. The myth I have chosen to examine through the lens of gender roles is The Lazy Mans Story by Frederick Bogara, otherwise known as Kikiki number two. In this story, it outlines a nuclear family of wife, husband, and sons. The wife had been cooking and feeding her family for a long time now, and finally (when the crops ran out completely) she told her husband that he needed to go out and buy/hunt/trade for some food so that they could survive. He was a very lazy man and day after day went out to the villages and just sat around until sun down. One day, fed up (haha get it) with her husbands actions, the wife put some stones in the pot and set it on the coals. When her husband got home she encouraged him to take whatever he wanted out of the pot to eat. He stuck a fork in and broke it on the stones, the woman shamed and divorced him, marrying another man. This myth clearly plays on the gender roles and stereotypes of men and women. It illustrates how a woman has the responsibility to tend the home and the children and the man has the duty to make the sure the family is provided for. This folk tale especially emphasizes that when one of those roles is neglected then the opposite party has every right to be unhappy and take action. I chose this myth in particular because a story with similar plot points appears in the Social Design chapter of the book. In this version of events, the Maisin women and men both have to contribute to the garden to make it work, and although the women have to perform more labor than the males, there is more shared work between the genders here. However, when the food ran out from the garden, the fault and vulnerability were with the WIFE this time around, representing the expectations given to women that simply do not apply to men. This being said, as the author made sure to point out, personality traits differ within individuals and sometimes women react as the wife in the myth, calling out their husband for not completing their duties. At one point in time, a certain woman with the pseudonym Alice waded into the river and caught fish for her family (extremely against the status quo) when her husband had been absent in another town for almost a month. Alice and the villagers chastised the husbands brothers for not stepping up and providing for his wife, they resumed these duties and the fishing episode never happened again. These incidents also represent how the Maisin people accept these roles and stereotypes, even the women, because they come from the ancestors. The woman in the myth accepts that her husband was supposed to provide, not her. The wife in the second story accepts the shame and blame for running out of food in their joint garden. Alice, in the third story, accepted that she shouldnt have to fish for herself, and shamed her brothers-in-law for not providing for her. This acceptance and faith in the traditions of their lineages is the most interesting thing about gender roles in the Maisin society. The adaptability of people with different personalities and levels of confidence to this same set of rules and guidelines is an impressive feat in the obedience of the human spirit.

The And Skeptics Evaluating The Credibility Of...

The concept of journalism has always been regarded with skepticism. People are not sure which newspapers or news stations to trust. Naturally, the audience gravitates towards mainstream news providers like CNN or The New York Times. These sources, along with many others, have been accepted for their credibility. Recently, however, another source has been capturing the audience’s attention. This source is known as citizen journalism, and its contributions to society have had a huge impact. Whether or not these contributions are credible has become an issue that sparks debate among the audience. This issue is researched in an academic journal called Cynics and Skeptics: Evaluating the Credibility of Mainstream and Citizen Journalism. The academic journal defines citizen journalism as â€Å"amateur news reporting† (Carr, Barnidge, Lee, Tsang, 2014). Citizens are often the ones to experience news firsthand. News spreads like wildfire through texts, phone calls, and social media. By the time the mainstream media gets a hold of the story, everyone already knows about it. Citizen journalism has been becoming increasingly popular, but its credibility is considered something to question. Sometimes, what citizens contribute to a news story gives the story more depth and insight that a journalist may not have grasped. A video, picture, or blog post from an actual witness can cover what mainstream journalism misses. There are not journalists in every corner of the planet to cover newsShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages............... 122 CHAPTER 4 How to Evaluate Information and Judge Credibility..................................... 137 The Principles of Charity and Fidelity ............................................................................................ 137 When Should You Accept Unusual Statements? ........................................................................... 140 Assessing a Sources Credibility ...........................................................................

Gay Marriage Constitutional or Not Free Essays

â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness†. This is probably one of the most famous quotes involved in the Declaration of Independence. But what happens when our government starts deciding who is qualified for this rights and who isn’t? We are supposed to be one of the most advanced countries in the world, we fight for the rights of people around us, and somehow we cannot seem to find tolerance among ourselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Gay Marriage: Constitutional or Not or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why is being different so bad? Nowadays, we start to become a society that experiences a hard time accepting the different thoughts and ways of living of our fellow citizens. An example of this would be the struggles for the homosexuals across America to find an approval for same sex marriages. Although the Declaration of Independence says that every American has the right for the pursuit of happiness, for some reason neither the government nor the people in the US seem to understand that happiness can and should be different for every individual.As time goes by and news show up, I am more than convinced that same-sex marriages are not harmful for the society and therefore, should be approved right away. Many people see marriage as the culmination of the love for another human being, as finding the person to spend the rest of your life with. So, as Kathy Belge states, â€Å"if two people love each other, shouldn’t they be allowed the same rights, privileges and responsibilities, no matter their genders? We have to take into account that most people who can’t get married with their partner have no benefits whatsoever over their partner†™s assets, so if they’re together it’s solely for love.Then why is it so hard to just let them be happy by consummating their union under the law? Society sees marriage as a sacred act of commitment and believes that same-sex marriage will end the purity of such union. As Belge delivers, â€Å"when someone can compete on a television reality show to â€Å"Marry a Millionaire†, the argument about saving a sacred institution seems kind of pointless. Many people have the same question in mind: why is it a big deal? Why are they making such a commotion out of a situation that doesn’t really concern most of us? Unfortunately, our culture has a hard time, some people find it impossible, to accept the differences between human beings. We want everyone to be on the same economic level, to have the same beliefs, even to wear the same clothes, and we constantly forget about one of the promises of our country: individuality. When the Pilgrims came to this continent, they were seeking for a place where they could be themselves without anyone tormenting them.Under this belief, the founders of our nation set the United States of America, assuring that everyone could have a distinctive life without judgment or fear to be who they are. The inconformity of the rest of us, who can actually understand what individuality means, is shown in The Associated Press article which reports that â€Å"same-sex marriage supporters gathered outside a federal building and wait for a judge’s decision overturning California’s same-sex marriage ban in San Francisco. † These kinds of protests are not exclusive in California.In Madison, WI, a tour called â€Å"Summer for Marriage- One Man and One Woman Tour† was planning to appear in the city. In response, the gay community lead by Katie Belanger decided to â€Å"call for the repeal of the state’s constitutional ban on same sex marriage† and to â€Å"rally on the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus, and a march to the state Capitol. † The article also declares that â€Å"hundreds of protesters shouted down same-sex marriage opponents today on the steps of the state Capitol. † It is no surprise that soon many other states will join them in different protests across the country.The gay community throughout America is not planning to back down. Pro-gay marriage associations gain both strength and numbers as time goes by, so it will be no surprise that eventually the government understands and gives homosexuals their right to be happy. States like Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Vermont already allow same-sex marriage to take place. Hopefully more states will follow their lead and realize that maybe change is what this country needs to stand out from the rest of the world. Humankind comes in different colors, shapes and beliefs. It’s time to lose our fear and conceive that maybe different is not so bad after all.Belge , Kathy. â€Å"Pro Gay Marriage-Why Gay Marriage Should be Legal. † N. p. , n. d. Web. 25 Aug. 2010. . Associated Press. â€Å"Calif. Gays Must Wait To Wed During Prop 8 Appeal† NPR. 17 August 2010. 22 Aug. 2010. . Melchert, Randall. â€Å"Homosexual activists mob pro-marriage rally in Madison, WI. † N. p. , 27 July 2010. Web. 25 Aug. 2010. . How to cite Gay Marriage: Constitutional or Not, Papers

Significant Woman Cleopatra Essay Example For Students

Significant Woman Cleopatra Essay Significant Woman: CleopatraI chose to write my Significant Woman paper on Egypts last pharaoh, Cleopatra. When I began my report, I knew very little about Cleopatra, except that she was the mistress of both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony of Rome. I wondered what impacts on history Cleopatra made on her own. I feel that Cleopatra was a very significant woman in history because she was very aggressive and assertive, characteristics that have always been considered unfeminine. At the same time, however, Cleopatra has been remembered by some as somewhat of a sex object, which is and always has been a common judgement of attractive females. Cleopatra did use her sex appeal to her advantage. It was one of the few manipulations that nobody could take away from her, and it was a very convincing form of persuasion. We will write a custom essay on Significant Woman Cleopatra specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Cleopatras family had been ruling Egypt since 305 BC, when Ptolemy I declared himself King of Egypt sometime after Alexander the Greats death. The Ptolemy family was of Macedonian decent, not Egyptian. Cleopatra, more precisely, Cleopatra VII, was the third daughter of Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Auletes, who began his rule of Egypt in 80 BC. Cleopatra VIIs mother could possibly have been Cleopatra V Tryphaena, who either died or disappeared in 68 BC, right after Cleopatra VIIs birth in 69 BC. Cleopatra VII had two older sisters, Cleopatra VI and Berenice IV, and one younger sister, Arsinoe IV. She also had two younger brothers, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV. Ptolemy XII ruled until his death in 51 BC, with only a brief interruption in 58 BC when his second eldest daughter, Berenice IV, took over the kingdom. His will named Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as heirs to the throne. Leaders in Rome were named as guardians and were to uphold the choice of Ptolemy XII for the two to marry and jointly rule Egypt. Ptolemy II had established these brother-sister marriages as custom when he married his sister Arsinoe II. As children, Cleopatra and her siblings witnessed the defeat of their guardian, Pompey, by Julius Caesar in a duel. Meanwhile, Cleopatra and her brother/husband Ptolemy XIII were dueling, albeit silently, over the throne. In the middle of all this turmoil, Julius Caesar left Rome for Alexandria in 48 BC. During his stay in the Palace, he received the most famous gift in history: an oriental carpet . . . with a 22-year-old Cleopatra wrapped in. She counted on Caesars support to alienate Ptolemy XIII. With the arrival of Roman reinforcements, and after a few battles in Alexandria, Ptolemy XIII was defeated and killed. In the summer of 47 BC, having married her younger brother Ptolemy XIV, Cleopatra and Caesar embarked for a two-month trip along the Nile, aboard a legendary boat. Together, they visited Dendara, where Cleopatra was being worshipped as Pharaoh, an honor beyond Caesars reach. They became lovers, and indeed, she bore him a son, Ptolemy XV Caesar Caesarion. In 45 BC, Cleopatra, Ptolemy XIV, and Caesarion left Alexandria for Rome, where they stayed in a palace built by Caesar in their honor. Caesars acts were anything but overlooked by the Romans. In 44 BC, he was killed in a conspiracy by his Senators. With his death, Rome split between supporters of Mark Antony and Octavian. Soon after Caesars death, Cleopatra returned to Egypt. It is believed that Ptolemy XIV survived the trip home, but died shortly thereafter. Many believe that Cleopatra had him killed. This is possible because he was 15 years old and would probably start to assert his right to the throne. Cleopatra was watching Rome in silence, and when Antony seemed to prevail, she supported him and, shortly after, they too became lovers. .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a , .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .postImageUrl , .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a , .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:hover , .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:visited , .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:active { border:0!important; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:active , .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4dc3f55cfb2edcebfb215d8fc0d6759a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mayan Civilization EssayMark Antonys alliance with Cleopatra angered Rome even more. The senators called her a sorceress and accused her of all sorts of evil. The Romans became even more furious as Antony was giving away parts of their Empire Tarsus, Cyrene, Crete, Cyprus, and Palestine one after the other to Cleopatra and her children, which, in addition to Caesars son, included Antonys twins Cleopatra Selene and Alexander Helios and his son Ptolemy Philadelphus. It was the boiling point when Octavian declared war on Cleopatra, and off the coast of Greece in the Adriatic Sea, they met in one of the most famous battles in history: Actium. The Egyptian defeat was often attributed to the early withdraw of a coward Cleopatra from the battle scene, although this claim is now discredited by most historians. Octavian waited for a year before he claimed Egypt as a Roman province. He arrived in Alexandria and easily defeated Mark Antony outside the city. Antony asked to be taken to Cleopatra. He died in her arms and was buried as a King. Octavian entered Alexandria in 30 BC. Cleopatra was captured and taken to him, and the Roman Emperor had no interest in any relation, reconciliation, or even negotiation with the Egyptian Queen. Realizing that her end is close, she decided to put an end to her life. It is not known for sure how she killed herself, but two small puncture wounds left on her arm have led many to believe that she used an asp as her death instrument. However, there were no signs of a snake or any poison present at the scene of her death. With the death of Cleopatra, a whole era in Egyptian history was closed. Alexandria remained the capital of Egypt, but Egypt is now a Roman province. The age of Egyptian Monarchs gave way to the age of Roman Emperors, and Cleopatras death gave way to the rise of Rome. The Ptolemies were of Macedonian decent, yet they ruled Egypt as Egyptians as Pharaohs. And, indeed, Cleopatra was the last Pharaoh.

Abraham Maslow and Motivation free essay sample

Abraham Harold Maslow was born on April 1, 1908, in Brooklyn, New York. American psychologist Abraham Maslow was a member of the humanistic school of psychology. Maslow proposed a theory of motivation based on a categorization of needs, suggesting that an individual progress from satisfying basic needs such as those for food and sex to satisfying the highest need for what he called self-actualization or the fulfillment of ones potential. Mallow believed that self-actualization could only be attained once basic needs had been met.In  1954  American  psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed that all people are motivated to fulfill a hierarchical pyramid of needs. At the bottom of Maslow’s pyramid are needs essential to survival, such as the needs for food, water, and sleep. The need for safety follows these physiological needs. According to Maslow, higher-level needs become important to us only after our more basic needs are satisfied. These higher needs include the need for love and belongingness, the need for esteem, and the need for self-actualization (in Maslow’s theory, a state in which people realize their greatest potential). We will write a custom essay sample on Abraham Maslow and Motivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The cornerstone of Maslow’s position is his theory of motivation that he first posed in two articles published in 1943 when Brooklyn College (1943a, 1943b). Maslow centered his theory of motivation on the hierarchy of human needs. He contended that humans have a number of needs that are â€Å"instinctoid†, that is, innate. The American psychologist Abraham Maslow devised a five level hierarchy of motives that, according to his theory, determine human behavior. Maslow ranks human needs as follows: (1) physiological needs; (2) safety needs; (3) belongingness and love needs; (4) esteem needs; (5) self – actualization.Physiological needs, These are the needs directly related to survival that we share with other animals. These are basic needs such as food, water, sex, elimination and sleep. Theses needs are extremely important and must be satisfied. But, according to Maslow, psychology has overemphasized the importance of such needs. Safety needs, this is the second human need in the hierarchy. When the physical needs are satisfactorily met, the safety needs emerge as dominant motives. Included here are the needs for structure, order, security and predictability.The person operating at this level is very Kellian, in that the primary goal is to reduce uncertainty in his or her life. These needs are most clearly seen operating in children, who typically show great fear when confronted with unpredictable events. The satisfaction of the safety needs assures individuals they are living in a safe environment free from danger, fear and chaos. For example, security products such as alarm systems, insurance such as life assurance etc. Belongingness and love needs, the third cluster of needs in the hierarchy of needs.Included are the needs for affiliation with others and for the feeling of being loved. With the physiological and safety needs essentially satisfied, the person now is driven by the need for affiliation. Included in these needs are the needs for friends and companions, a supportive family, identification with a group, and an intimate relationship. If these needs are not met, the person will feel alone and empty. Maslow believed the failure to satisfy needs at this level is a major problem in the United States and this explains why so many people are seeking psychotherapy and joining support groups.Esteem needs, the fourth cluster of needs in the hierarchy of needs. Included are the needs for status, prestige, competence and confidence. If one is fortunate enough to satisfy one’s physiological, safety and belongingness and love needs, the need for esteem will begin to dominate one’s life. This group of needs require both recognition from other people that results in feelings of prestige, acceptance and status and self esteem that result in feelings of adequacy, competence, and confidence. Both types of feelings usually result from engaging in activities considered to be socially useful.Lack of satisfaction of the esteem needs result in discouragement and feelings of inferiority. Self- actualization, highest level in the hierarchy of needs, which can be reached only if the preceding need levels have been adequately satisfied. The self-actualization individual operates at full capacity and is motivated rather than demotivated. Hence, if all the lower needs have been adequately satisfied, the person is in a position to become one of the rare people who experiences self-actualization.Maslow hoped that his work at describing the self-actualizing person would eventually lead to a â€Å"periodic table† of the kinds of qualities, problems, and even solutions character istic of higher levels of human potential. Over time, he devoted increasing attention, not to his own theory, but to humanistic psychology and the human potentials movement. Maslows view of motivation provides a logical framework for categorizing needs, but it does not supply a complete picture. Motivation arises from the need that an individual posses.Hence, knowing how and why to motivate employees is an important managerial skill because of its significance as a determinant of performance and its intangible nature. Motivation can be defined as the set of forces that cause people to choose certain behaviors from among the many alternatives open to them. The importances of motivation for an organization are: it puts human resources into action, improves level of efficiency of employees, leads to achievement of organizational goals and it leads to stability in the workforce.Motivation is important as it puts human resources into action, this is so because the more motivated the employees are, the more they will be inspired t o aspire as well as empower other employees who require physical, financial and human resources to accomplish the goals. Hence, it is through motivation that the human resources to accomplish the goals. This can be achieved by building willingness in employees to work for example reward employees by giving employees’ monetary and non –monetary incentives and promotion opportunities.This will help the organization in securing their workers who efficiently utilize the resources. Hence, people want to contribute to organizational effectiveness and are able to make genuine contributions. The organizations responsibility is to create a work environment that makes full use of available human resources. Motivation is also important as it improves the level of efficiency, an employees effort to performance expectancy is the individuals perception of the probability that effort will lead to high performance.This expectancy ranges from zero to one, with 1 being a strong belief that effort will lead to high performance. The employees will be adaptable to changes and there will be no resistance to changes, this will result in profit maximum through increased productivity. Another importance of motivation is that it leads to achievement of organizational goals; this approach suggests that managers and subordinates should set goals for the individual on a regular basis and that rewards should be tied to the accomplishment of goals.Research support for goal-setting theory is more consistently favorable than any other single approach to employee motivation. The goals of an organization can be achieved by utilization of resources, co-corporative environment which brings stability, employees are goal directed, and goals can be achieved if co-ordination takes place simultaneously which can be effectively done through motivation.

6 Proven Ways for Women to Get a Higher Salary

6 Proven Ways for Women to Get a Higher Salary By now, you’ve likely heard the rather grim statistics: on average, women earn less money than men for comparable jobs. In 2015, women made 80 cents for every dollar earned by men in the same roles, according to the Institute of Women’s Policy Research. The whys and hows of this salary difference is kind of a political football- everyone seems to have an opinion why that is, or even whether the gender gap truly exists. While that discussion is for another time and place, let’s go with the stats on this one, and look at how women can overcome challenges and pay disparities to improve their own salary outlook. 1. Be your own best advocate.The first thing you need to do is understand that this is your ball to carry. No one is going to come along with a big check and say, â€Å"You know what, you deserve more money. Take this!† No matter how awesome you are at your job, or how above and beyond you’ve gone lately, it’s most likely going to be up t o you to help ensure that you’re being compensated as much as possible.This is something I’ve struggled with personally throughout my career. I’ve always had the mindset of, â€Å"I’m gonna work really hard, and be really great at this, and people are going to notice and reward me accordingly.† Guess what? Praise and acknowledgment don’t necessarily translate into higher salary. Once I realized that it was on me to make sure I was making what I was worth- and taking positive, proactive steps to make that happen.2. Know your market value.This is key. Increasing your salary is going to be very difficult if you don’t really know what other people are making in your field and at your experience level. If your ask isn’t reasonable, your chances of getting a bumped-up salary are somewhere in the area of â€Å"laughed out of the room.†In another hard lesson in my career, a colleague who was leaving our company let me know what he was earning there (we had the same job title and responsibilities). It was significantly more than I was making at the time, and I was floored. When I brought this up to my boss, her response? â€Å"You weren’t supposed to know that.† Maybe not, in some unspoken â€Å"talking money is rude† kind of way, but I did know it, and it gave me a number to aim for when it came time for the annual review and salary increase.You shouldn’t have to rely on the grapevine to know what others are making, but you also probably shouldn’t walk right up to your coworkers and demand to see their pay stubs. We have tons of great tools available to us to find out what others are making in our industry, and what we can reasonably expect based on experience, location, etc.:Salary.comPayScaleGlassdoorYou can use all of these without having a single awkward conversation about salary and personal finances. Don’t hesitate to have as much information at your disposal as possible. And don’t let anyone convince you that it’s rude to talk numbers when it comes to your own career and salary goals.4. Negotiate every time.According to Stanford-based leadership expert Margaret A. Neale, women just don’t negotiate at the rates that men do. And in fact, Linda Babcock, author of Women Don’t Ask, found that while 57% of men negotiate salary, only about 7% of women do. Seriously, 7%! It looks like everyone- men and women alike- should be negotiating more, but especially women. Not negotiating is like closing a door without checking to see if anyone’s there. How do you know if there’s an opportunity to increase your salary if you haven’t even tried yet?And don’t think that negotiation is just for new job offers- you should be negotiating your salary at every chance, including annual reviews, after times when you’ve gone above and beyond at work or taken on new responsibilities successfully, and/ or when you discover that your market value is higher than your current salary level. Whether you’re a negotiation newbie or want to bump up your skills and become a master negotiator, we have plenty of resources for you:Your Comprehensive Guide to Negotiating SalaryHow to Get a Raise at Work6 Tips for Negotiating the Salary You WantThe Super Easy Guide: How to Negotiate a Raise and PromotionThere are also lots of experts online who have honed their negotiating skills, and want to share that information with other women. Resources like MichelleMotivateMe are a great place to start:Once you get over any hesitations about getting in there and playing the negotiation game, you’ll have started advocating for yourself and your salary goals in the best and most direct way possible.5. Think small (company).If you’ve tried negotiating and still fallen short of your salary goals, it might be time to think about switching companies. Hired.com investigated wage gaps at dif ferent kinds of companies, and came up with some intriguing statistics around the unfortunately traditional wage gap. It turns out that smaller companies and startup companies are less likely to have significant wage gaps, compared to companies that were bigger and more corporate, or that had been established longer.The thinking behind this? Small companies tend to have more visibility into salaries, which is an equalizer. If employees know that Frank two desks away is making more for the same job, the company has an employee relations incentive to keep things more equal. The other interesting angle was that startup (or â€Å"seed stage†) companies may have less pay disparity because they have less flexibility in the salaries they can offer employees, so they can’t really afford to offer one employee a drastically different salary than another employee in the same role.So what does this mean for your own salary? You might want to consider whether there are companies in your field that can offer you better salary- less established companies that you may not have considered before.6. Think outside your career box.If you feel like you’re stuck in a pay rut, you might also want to consider a job change. There are growing fields, like logistics/trucking, manufacturing, and information technology, where women are the minority of workers. Many women have the base skills necessary for these â€Å"middle-skill† jobs (which often don’t require a college degree), but just aren’t pursuing them at the same rate men are. If you’re looking for more opportunities to segue into higher-paying roles, one of these industries might be a great path for you. (Just don’t forget to negotiate!)The good news is that statistics may inform us about what’s going on, but they don’t have to define us- or our careers. There’s no reason to accept the status quo when it comes to your own career and your goals. If youâ €™re a woman and you’re interested in boosting your earning potential, you have tools to help you do that. And if more women take control of their salary destiny and start using all of those tools, we can start changing those stats, one closed gap at a time.

African History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

African History - Essay Example Two women shaped Kings early life, one was his mother and other was his maternal grandmother. Martin Luther had great belief in God, which was nurtured by his father and other close relatives. He encountered church every Sunday and there some 4,000 members of Atlanta’s Black community found refuge from the mistreatment that was their daily experience in a state where segregation laws where strictly enforced. He sooner started realizing the hard life of Black Africans who were ill treated by Whites. Later in life he became enthralled by the work of Mahatma Gandhi who fought against the British colonial rule. So he wanted to help American Blacks win their freedom, not from foreign rule but from injustice. Martin Luther chose the non – violent way of preaching which was able to captivate Black and white listeners alike. Later he became a Christian minister in church and a leading figure in the fight for Black people’s right by organizing many peaceful marches, protests and speeches. The revolution of Martin Luther king was part of the ongoing struggle of Black Americans for equality and civil rights. For a dozen years, this charismatic Baptist minister and his legion of followers had confronted the humiliating system of segregation that had kept Black Americans second- class citizens. In doing this, King and his disciples had faced a raging storm of white abuse. They had been beaten, arrested, jailed and spat upon. They had their homes and churches burned, their families threatened, their friends and allies murdered. Yet they kept on. They marched; staged boycotts and sit –ins; they broke unjust laws and, in the end, they awakened the nation and world to the shame of American racial persecution. Through it all, no matter how badly provoked, no matter how brutal their enemies, they have never turned into violence, because with every ounce of his being Martin Luther King believed in non – violence. Martin Luther King received the world’s highest

The Global Impact of Wireless Network System on the Individuals and Assignment

The Global Impact of Wireless Network System on the Individuals and the Society - Assignment Example As the report stresses numerous types of wireless correspondence systems exist; however, a distinguishing quality of a wireless network is that correspondence takes the spot between PC devices. These devices incorporate personal advanced assistant’s laptops, personal computers, servers, and printers. PC devices have processors, memory, and a means of interfacing with a specific kind of network. Customary mobile phones do not fall inside of the meaning of a PC device; in any case, more up to date phones and even sound headsets are starting to fuse figuring power and network adapters. In the end, most electronics will offer wireless network connections. According to the discussion findings wireless networks are networks that are not joined by cables of any sort. The use of a wireless network enables enterprises to maintain a strategic distance from the costly process of bringing cables into buildings or as an association between distinctive gear locations. The wireless systems' basis is radio waves, a usage that takes place at the physical level of network structure. Wireless networks use radio waves to unite devices such as laptops to the Internet, the business network and applications. At the point when laptops are joined with Wi-Fi problem areas out in the open places, the association is established to that business' wireless network. As with networks based on wire, or optical fiber, wireless networks pass on data between PC devices. The data can take the type of email messages, site pages, and database records, streaming video or voice.

Examine the implications of EU for European industrial relations Essay

Examine the implications of EU for European industrial relations - Essay Example The effects of advancing European integration on national systems of industrial relations, and the associated need for a systematic analysis of the conditions, forms, and direction of the Europeanisation and 'supranationalisation' of industrial relations, have long ago attracted the attention of researchers. Although a number of valuable comparative studies have appeared in the last decade (Ferner and Hyman 1992; Hyman and Ferner 1997; Bispinck and Lecher 1999), by and large these have not concerned themselves with the specific context of the European Union and the transnational dimension of industrial relations. (Wolfgang Lecher, 133) In particular, there has been almost no systematic consideration of the interaction between and consequences of the co-existence and superimposition of supranational and national relations between state actors and the parties to collective bargaining, both for systems of industrial relations and for broader areas of policy at the various levels of the European Union's multi-tiered system of governance. Similarly, there has been little research into the effects of the horizontal interaction between differing national systems of industrial relations and approaches to social and economic organization which are embedded in the same EMU and, as a result, are subject to the pressures of mutual regime competition. 1.According to Jelle Visser (http://www.ser.nl/_upload/b23574_4.pdf) prior to the EMU, industrial relations in member states seemed to follow one of two broad tracks: 1. Attempts at cross-border co-ordination among trade unions in continental welfare states and in what broadly can be described as the D-mark zone (Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and, although not member of EMU, Denmark) to seek wage increases within specified parameters and thereby preventing upward wage pressure (endangering monetary stability) and downward wage competition and social dumping. 2. The adoption of or attempt at tripartite Social Pacts in peripheral or 'catch-up' countries outside the D-mark zone (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece) and those prospective EMU members which were confronted with deep structural changes (Ireland, Finland), prioritising national competitiveness, addressing crisis situations and preparing for EMU membership. This view sets out from the position that the developments referred to above constitute structuring elements in a future system of European industrial relations, organised around two dynamic poles-the company-centred transnational level and an overarching macro level, with its institutional focus in the 'social dialogue'. It expects the guaranteed rights to information and consultation which will result from the across-the-board establishment of European works councils (EWCs) in the wake of the Directive to create the foundations for the possibility of company-based collective bargaining on issues such as training and working time. Moreover, EWCs are to promote the conver gence of workplace employee representation across Europe and act as a catalyst for the harmonisation of trade union policies on employment issues and collective bargaining. (Wolfgang Lecher, 135) This optimistic standpoint sees a positive link between trade union demands for participation, on the one hand, and the establishment of new post-Fordist systems of production and

Audio-Visual Techniques for Communication and Expression

Audio-Visual Techniques for Communication and Expression Use of Audio-Visual Techniques in expression of ideas – an insight into the use of effective techniques Word Count: 2554 Table of Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction – Audi visual techniques and communication 1.1 Background of Study 2. Marry Me 2.1 Narrative 2.2 Characterisation 2.3 Genre convention and variation 2.4 Specific technical features 3. Photo Booth 3.1 Narrative 3.2 Characterisation 3.3 Genre convention and variation 3.4 Specific technical features 4. Conclusion References 1. Introduction – Audi visual techniques and communication The use of the different audio visual techniques in communication and expression of ideas has been widely regarded as an important and significant evolution of the different techniques used for communication that emerged from the use of print medium and incorporation of multimedia. Communication has always been an important part of human existence and throughout the history of mankind; the same has seen a transformation from mere papyrus sheets to the incorporation of the elements of sight and sound (Branston and Stafford, 2010). The opinion of experts on the transformation on the use of visual communication is diverse, but all of them are believed to be in affirmation with the fact that the use of different audio visual techniques in communication is considered to be the most effective and efficient by senders and receivers alike (Cunningham and Turner, 2010). The reason behind the same being the fact that the incorporation of the different audio visual formats helps in the presentation of the communication in a most concise manner, yet again enabling the sender to create a long lasting impression on the mind of the receivers (Chandler, 2004). 1.1 Background of Study The aim of this academic work is to highlight the importance of the different audio visual techniques and formats and its application to the creation of two astounding creations – short films, that have made it to the finals of Tropfest, considered being the most prestigious recognitions of Australian short film categories. What makes the feature more important and relevant is the fact that annually only 16 short films are considered by the jury as finalists from a pool of more than 700 entries annually. The two important finalists to the same event that have been selected for analysis in the study are director Michelle Lehmann’s Marry Me that had been adjudged the winner of 2008’s Tropfest. The other short film is that of Photo Booth, which had been directed by Michael Noonan (http://tropfest.com, 2014). The following sections of the academic work will be individually considering taking into consideration the narrative, characterisation, genre convention and specific technical features that have helped these short films receive the accolades (Cunningham and Turner, 2010) that have led to the popularity of the films in the Australian and International film circuit as well. 2. Marry Me Michelle Lehmann’s short film Marry Me that is of 7 minutes duration. The plot revolves around a little boy and girl with their individual attention and objects of interest. The following sections provide an insight into the narrative, characterisation, genre convention and highlight the technical features that have set the film apart from the rest of the entrants to the contest (O’Donnell, 1999). 2.1 Narrative The film is seen to revolve around the interest among two young individuals and the communication or the idea that has been expressed in the film has been carefully crafted, reflecting the different individual pursuits of two young people, which have been seen to have a strange co-incidence to real life drawing significant parallel to people’s needs and wants. The film depicts the girl is particularly interested in the boy who is overwhelmed by materialistic pursuits signified by the love for his little BMX bike. The message and expression of the idea of the film is clear through the emotions that have been captured through the girl’s expressions and gleam in eyes every time he sees the boy. The girl is depicted to have fallen in love with the bike riding boy and the same has been clearly expressed through the attempts by the girl to draw the boy’s attention through a number of different ways (http://tropfest.com, 2014). Many are of opinion that the film is about the complexities of emotions of the young, but it also subtly underpins the interest and love of two different people – love for the boy for the girl, and the boy’s (Jason) interest in nothing but the bike that he has. 2.2 Characterisation Michelle Lehmann had drawn crucial similarities to the character of the girl as she had stated that even as a 5 or 6 year old girl, she had experienced the same emotional tension as being attracted to a boy who had been her neighbour and like Jason, had been found to have a particular knack to materialistic pursuits that are considered to be natural (O’Donnell, 1999). The girl who is seen to endlessly pursuit her love interest in the film has been named Chloe and the boy Jason. In order to express her idea clearly to the audience, Michelle has carefully selected the two most astounding young actors in the roles of Chloe and Jason who have been able to win the hearts of the viewers through their childish charms and natural acting. For Jason, the need was to portray a character that was very much in skin of the role portrayed by him – a young BMX enthusiast and the ease with which Jason has been seen to express his disinterest for Chloe busy fixing the wheels of his little bike makes on feel as if it is almost real and not a short film. On the other hand, the role that had been portrayed by the young girl Chloe has been nothing less than au naturel. The determined look and the expression on her face towards the end of the short film as she approaches the high plank constructed by Jason leaves one spell bound and many would wonder whether the expression can be attributed to the next to impossible task in real life (http://tropfest.com, 2014). 2.3 Genre convention and variation The genre of the film is based on the complexities of human emotion and it needs to be highlighted that the message that has been attempted to be conveyed through the short film is largely based on the different emotional pulls and pushes one might experience at a young age. Much of the film is aimed at the general audience who would leave the screen enthralled and spellbound by the enigma of analysing the meaning and idea behind the short film. The convention of the genre is based on the fact that the theme of the film holds true for human beings in reality as well. Most individuals are often engaged in the tireless pursuit of something or the other in life that is perceived to have been difficult to attain for them. The same has been carefully highlighted in the feature film through Jason’s character as he is seen to remove the ancillary supporting wheels from his bike at first, failing to successfully ride his bike without the use of the same. In the background, the girl is shown being able to learn what Jason fails. A little later, Jason attempts a small jump off the plank created by him, which also leads to a fall. Chloe tries her best to impress Jason and draw Jason’s attention; successfully achieving the feats which Jason attempts to achieve a number of times (http://tropfest.com, 2014). The variation that needs to be highlighted in the same is that human beings sometimes become so engrossed in being able to achieve a particular job or accomplishment, that they end up undermining the abilities and success of other human beings that are near to him, failing to even to pay attention to any important or critical messages that the other might convey. The same has been specifically observed while Chloe tries to give her opinion to Jason about the bike and riding. 2.4 Specific technical features Though the film does not showcase any impressive graphic or video filming in conveying the message across, one cannot help but wonder about the smallest details that have been used in the film for spreading the intended message (Cunningham and Turner, 2010). For example, when Jason removes the red coloured attachments to the spokes of his bike wheel and expresses his disinterest in them, the emotional attachment of Chloe is also expressed through the same behaviour. In the same scene, if it is considered that Jason had been rotating the wheel simultaneously whereas Chloe is seen to focus more on Jason instead of her bike, the emotional quotient is carefully reflected. More camera focus has been devoted to capture emotions on Chloe’s face as it must have been found that the girl would be more expressive in terms of emoting by the director. These are small and important specifications that need to be captured and presented by any short film director to successfully convey the intended message and at the same time be able to keep the audience entertained. 3. Photo Booth Michael Noonan’s short film the Photo Booth is an interesting and contemporary take on the aspect of hope and despair that has been portrayed in the short film of around seven minutes’ duration. The film captures the important themes of human life and the message it tries to portray is an important aspect for critiques and short film enthusiasts around the world (O’Donnell, 1999). The short film revolves around three solders on a war torn landscape who suddenly find an abandoned photo booth in the middle of nowhere, whereby the pictures coming out as print carry messages for each of them. 3.1 Narrative The narrative of the short film revolves around three soldiers and their fate outside an abandoned photo booth in the middle of a war torn landscape that keeps the audience glued to the screen to wonder about the outcome and message of the film unlike that in the case of ‘Marry Me’. The narrative is unpredictable and has successfully incorporated one of the most critical elements of movie making – uncertainty and suspense. These are considered to have an everlasting impact on the viewer and many regard the same to have a lasting impact on the mind of the viewers as the key element of surprise and awe is always a key ingredient to the success of a film or small movie (http://tropfest.com, 2014). The narrative brings to light the plight of three soldiers who are trying their best to survive and do not know for themselves the future of their predicament in war. Suddenly, they are met with an unpredictable situation, that of a lonesome photo booth in top of a small hill. Curiosity is one of the most dignified and yet sometimes cursed traits of human behaviour and the same has been highlighted in the film as the soldiers wonder what awaits them at the photo booth and goes on to investigate, under estimating the threats of being exposed to enemy observation and gun point. 3.2 Characterisation The characterisation of the short film is an important attribute as it becomes the responsibility of the actors in the film to bring to life the relevance of each of the characters that are planned and incorporated in the film. The film revolves around the three soldiers and each of them is found to display three different emotions among human beings – adventure, curiosity and suspicion (http://tropfest.com, 2014). The first soldier who enters inside the photo booth is unsuspecting and is taken by surprise once the flashes of the camera start to go off. The second soldier is portrayed to have a trait of curiosity and wariness as he is seen to be cautious when he enters inside the photo booth after seeing what the first soldier had been presented with. The third soldier had to be portrayed to be suspicious of turn of events and this is the same reason why there have been extra alertness displayed by the first and the second soldier while guarding the booth as the third entered inside. The three of them have been shown to have different outcomes based on the character portrayed by them. The first one, unsuspecting and taking life as it is, is presented a picture which shows him part of a beautiful family comprising of a beautiful wife and twin daughters. The second soldiers displays mixed traits and is shown to receive a picture with only his companion who gradually disappears from the frames while the third is shot dead by enemy gunfire as he was the most suspicious one and enters the booth at the last. Through the characters, the director tries to portray the message that it is perception and thought process of individuals which leads to the outcomes. 3.3 Genre convention and variation There have been two specific genres displayed in the short film – that of human nature and the relation between the thoughts and outcomes faced by human beings in reality. It needs to be highlighted here the fact that initially the genre of the short film was thought to be related to war and the outcome of the film being rendered predictable. However, the message and surprise element of the film clearly unfolds when the pictures are presented to the soldiers (http://tropfest.com, 2014). In the end, what makes the film so interesting is that the film portrays a multitude of different factors that are related to human life and fate, and it is highlighted how the thought process of human beings influence the outcomes and fate that is met by individuals in the real world. Genre convention and variation is an important aspect of any communication to large section of viewers as the same enables the makers of the short films to captivate the interests of the audience and keep them glued to the outcome of the message to be portrayed in the film. 3.4 Specific technical features The film is considered to be richer in terms of the technical features that have been included in the film. The aim of the director was to include the elements of surprise more on the lines of shock and the same has been effectively incorporated in the sound designing of the film which makes the film more relatable to reality and one can identify the suspense and uncertainty that is faced by soldiers in the war field. Fear and anxiety has been portrayed well in the movie as the soldiers are successful in expressing the same feelings on their anguished faces (http://tropfest.com, 2014). Moreover, the loud snapping of the shutter of the camera has been effectively used to shock the audience which is considered to be an important component of film making. Especially in the last scene when the third soldier gets shot and there is an element of confusion clearly depicting the mental state and trauma of the soldier when he gets to see his picture in the photo is considered to be outstanding in highlighting the theme of despair as the soldier is shown to lose composure and his guard at the most critical time – in the face of enemy gunfire, when in the previous scenes, he is portrayed to be most suspicious of the circumstances. 4. Conclusion There are different factors and aspects that are considered to have an impact on the success of film making and the effectiveness of the director to incorporate these elements determine the ability of the production to captivate audiences and determine the outcomes of film making. This academic work was aimed at highlighting these specific factors in film making and the effective incorporation of the same in the two short films that have been highlighted in the study. References Branston, G. and Stafford, R. (2010). The media student’s book. London: Routledge. NB Chandler, G. (2004) Cut by Cut: Editing Your Film or Video. Studio City, CA: Michael Wiese Cunningham, S. and Turner, G. (2010). The media and communications in Australia. Sydney: Allen Unwin. Marry Me, Michelle Lehman (director), Australia, 2008  http://tropfest.com/au/2011/12/08/marry-me/ Morley, D. (1996) Television, Audiences and Cultural Studies. London : Routledge. ODonnell, P. (1999). The other 66 per cent? Rethinking the labour market for journalism graduates. Australian Journalism Review, 21(1), 123-142. Photo Booth,  Michael Noonan (director), Australia, 2012http://tropfest.com/au/2012/02/04/photo-booth/ Ruthven, K. (1998). The Future of Disciplines: A Report on Ignorance. In Knowing Ourselves and Others: The Humanities in Australia into the 21st Century. Australian Research Council Vol. 3, pp. 95-113.

Come Back into My Arms :: Love Letters Dating Email Relationships

Dear Jason, As time goes on and we're apart, I think of how things could have been. What we could have said or done to work things out. I would have been more understanding and not so judgmental, more loving and less hurtful and selfish. I would have told you I loved and cherished you more often. There can never or will ever be another person who I admire like you or who has reached the depths of my heart like you have. I would have told you that I'm so very proud of how far you've come and of all the things you have accomplished. But how could I find the words or actions to explain to you just how much I love you? It would have taken a million lifetimes to comprehend my feelings. I would have told you that you took my breath away the first time I saw you. I would have told you that you made me believe in love the first time you kissed me and you stole my heart the moment you uttered those magical words. I would have told you that every time I looked into your eyes I saw my destiny, my one and o nly. My soul mate, my best friend, my lover, my husband, and the father of my children. I can still close my eyes and feel the softness of your lips against mine and your tender fingers as they caress and explore my body. I would have told you that my knees and entire body shook every time you looked deep down into me with your eyes. You made me feel like you could read my mind and soul. Life just isn't the same without you. I wish that there was a way to make time stop and go back to when we were happy. We both know that before we can go back to being one, we need to change things about ourselves in order to make this relationship last.

Jeanne Lewis at Steples

Harvard Business School 9-400-065 Rev. July 24, 2000 Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc. (A) (Abridged) op YO INC Six months from now, on February 1, 1998, Jeanne Lewis (HBS '92) would become the senior vice president of marketing at Staples, Inc. (Staples), a nationwide office supplies superstore. After 10 months working side by side with Todd Krasnow, the current executive vice president of marketing, Lewis was becoming familiar with the department. Her initial assessment led her to wonder if the department's operating style was suited to evolving competitive realities.As KrasnoWs heir apparent, Lewis anted to be involved in shaping the department's priorities for the upcoming year. The strategic planning process traditionally began around this time in August, and Lewis wondered if the time to start taking action had arrived. Thus far, 1997 had been a trying year for the company: the Federal Trade Commission had challenged Staples' proposed merger with Office Depot, and the two companies had recently abandoned 10 months of merger efforts.At that time, Chairman and CEO Tom Stemberg reaffirmed his commitment that Staples would grow from a $5 billion company to a $10 billion company by the turn of the century. Staples not only had to grow bigger, it also had to grow better, as analysts had become accustomed to the company's 14 consecutive quarters of earnings-per-share growth in excess of 30%. The theme of the upcoming year was twofold: strong growth and more effective execution. c Lewis believed that Stembergs pronouncement to look for the â€Å"silver lining† in the failed merger and to take to heart the lessons of the merger could serve as a call to action for the marketing department. Marketing, which served as both an architect and driver of the brand, would play a critical role in Staples' continued success. Lewis knew that Staples could survive only if it was prepared to get rid of outmoded ideas and replace them with new ones†a philosophy shared b y Krasnow. But Lewis also knew that it could be trigntening to give up the ideas that nad made the company successful.Furthermore, the marketing staff was understandably apprehensive about KrasnoWs planned departure, and many were already mourning his loss. Lewis explained: No While the merger distractions were going on, things that maybe should have been dealt with, weren't. Now, I wanted to make it clear that a new person was coming on oard in this area, and fgure out how we could get back to business. We needed to refocus on building our business, because it was as competitive as ever, and we had lost a couple of beats in a few marketing areas while busy with the merger.We were at a turning point in the marketing department, as opposed to being long past it. Because of the confluence of external events as well as our own internal complexity, if we didn't change, then I was concerned it would start to show eventually in sales. Research Associate Jennifer M. Suesse prepared this ca se under the supervision of Professor Linda A. Hill as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. It is an abridged version of an earlier case, â€Å"Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc. (A),† HBS No. 499-041, prepared by Research Associate Kristin C.Doughty under the supervision of Professor Linda A. Hill. Some names have been disguised. Copyright 2000 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www. hbsp. harvard. edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means†electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise†without the permission of Harvard Business School. This document is authorized for use only by Harutyun Gevorgyan at HE OTHER until November 2014. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [email  protected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 400-065 Lewis knew the marketing department's role in ensuring success was twofold: maintaining the delicate balance between meeting short-term financial objectives ith appropriate promotional tactics and building customer loyalty and retention witn an ettective marketing strategy; and investigating ways to leverage Staples' brand and broaden its franchise.She also had specific questions about some of the department's structures, systems, and staffing. She was eager to get started, but recognized the risks of doing too much, too fast: My style is that I want things to happen quickly. When I see things†either a new problem someone has never had to fgure out before, or where theyVe Just had a different sense of timing†I Jump in and say, â€Å"here's the way to do it,† and that makes hange happen quickly. But that could l imit my ability to work across and with the organization.I could end up spending too much time managing down and not enough time making broader, more expansive impact by managing across the organization as well. Staples' Background (1985-1991)1 In 1985, Tom Stemberg (HBS '73), known for his marketing sa'. n. y and innovations in the staid supermarket industry (as vice president of sales at Star Market, and president of First National Supermarket), pioneered the concept of the office supplies superstore. A â€Å"Toys ‘R' Us† of office supplies, â€Å"Staples, the Office Superstore† would provide completeness, convenience, informed assistance as well as attractive prices†¦ overing everything from coffee to computer software† for the small-business customer. 2 Initial customer research indicated that most small businesses did not track their total expenditures for office products closely, nor were they aware that they were paying on average 40% more for t hem than large corporations. To communicate the savings and increased convenience of its new way of procuring office supplies, Staples' management was prepared to invest heavily in marketing. Staples' message would emphasize discounts and convenience, leaving customers free from the hassles† of dealing with long lines, order forms, and multiple suppliers.For the pivotal role of director of marketing, Stemberg hired Todd Krasnow, a 28-year- old HBS graduate who had worked in marketing at Star Market with Stembergs new VP of operations. In the early days, Stembergs team of five (himself, Krasnow, CFO, VP of operations, VP of merchandising) each had their own primary spheres of responsibility, but they all worked very closely together, doing whatever it took to get the Job done. They began the mornings with a 7:00 0'clock meeting, reconvened for a orking lunch, and generally worked through the evening until 10:00 0'clock.

Religion and Justice essays

Religion and Justice essays Stanley Kurtz and Jonathan Rauch are two well-respected journalists. In 2001, they engaged in a series of debates, published on National Review Online, in regards to the issue of same-sex marriages. In his article, Point of No Return, Kurtz was opposed to allowing gay couples to marry because marriage domesticates men based on what he described as the underlying dynamic of male-female sexuality. Rauch, a homosexual man, wrote Whos More Worthy in support of gay marriage because marriage is indispensably about the commitment to care for another person. These men both agree that the solution to ending the national debate is an amendment to the constitution defining what marriage means. If you asked 100 Americans to define marriage, receiving 100 answers, many of these answers would be based on religious principles. We should not make an amendment to our constitution based on religious doctrine. This country was founded on the principle of religious tolerance. We have even judged other nations for using religion as a means to control its citizens. For example, when the Taliban ruled Afghanistan, based on their interpretation of the Koran, Americans declared they were a rogue regime, and we removed them from power. Therefore, we must define marriage without any religious influence, or we will be just as guilty of imposing religious beliefs on American society as the Taliban was in Afghanistan. So, what is marriage? Websters dictionary defines marriage as any close union. A pretty broad definition, it does not mention gender. We all probably agree marriage is a long-term, committed relationship between two people, vowing to love and care for each other. Marriage has been predominately male-female for centuries. Who decided marriage had to be male-female? An explanation often quotes God as that decision maker. If we take out God as the reason for this, another g...

101 Freedman and Response Professor Ramos Blog

101 Freedman and Response Narrative Example Protect Yourself at All Times Review Articles Review Freedman â€Å"How Junk Food Can End Obesity† p. 506. Locate places where the author agrees, disagrees, or both. Summary Summarize the opening argument as Freedman frames it. Summarize the position that he sets out to refute. Pages 508 – 510. Respond to Freedman. Agree p. 60, Disagree p. 62, both p. 64 using a template. Explain your response. When responding you do not want to only agree or disagree. Add something to the conversation. How can we add something to the conversation? Personal, Example, etc. Criticism of Pollan Freedman is particularly critical of the views of Michael Pollan p. 520 – 527. What are his specific criticisms? How do you think Pollan might respond? The Fast Food Conversation Slate responded to Freedman How does the author begin his article? What position did the author take? How does he add to the conversation? Homework

Discussion on NSA Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion on NSA Security - Essay Example According to Hypponen, basically, each international internet user is under US surveillance. Hypponen is worried about our future communication and data which he fears will be stored in the US data center in Utah; the world’s largest. Hypponen laments how the US government is infringing on individual privacy and making everything insecure by infiltrating standardization bodies to purposely sabotage encryption algorithms. The NSA by use of PRISM which is a particular NSA database and an aspect of the entire NSA surveillance endeavor, details collection program for data collection from various service providers. Thus clearly, the world is no longer a safe place to communicate freely and the US has completely infiltrated people’s privacy under the guise of fighting terrorism. Although the US is legally obligated to monitor foreigners as well as foreigners’ data connections when they end up or pass through United States, you realize that 96% of people in the planet are foreigners. This means that almost virtually everybody is being watched by the US. This i s not only morally wrong, but also rude and should make everybody angry. Hypponen proposes that the world unite together through either political pressure or by seeking alternative services, so as to build together open, free as well as secure

Pathophysiology and Current Management Practices Case Study

Pathophysiology and Current Management Practices - Case Study Example This paper outlines three differential diagnoses for a case, their respective pathophysiology and current management practices for those diagnoses. The case diagnosed in this paper is about a 62-year-old man who collapsed at a shopping center at about 10:30 am after feeling extremely dizzy. The man who is also living alone had experienced an episode of falling from stairs eight months ago without any major injury. Although the man is awake and sitting on the ground, he shows signs of drowsiness and disoriented and has difficulty in talking. The man insists on going home even though his eyes suddenly move upwards and in a few seconds he begins a seizure. The key symptoms, in this case, are drowsiness, difficulty in talking, dizziness, difficulty in talking and seizure. The history such as episodes of falling, age, time of the incident and the fact he lives alone are also crucial and important information in obtaining accurate differential diagnoses. The brain metabolism relies primari ly on glucose to supply the energy necessary for metabolism. When levels in blood drop below certain levels normally 0.55nm, subtle reduction in the mental effects of the brain occurs and results in the impairment of judgment resulting in symptoms like seizures. Small quantities of glucose can be derived from the stored glycogen within the astrocytes; however, a brain is dependent to the greater extent on the continual supply of glucose from the blood. Glucose from the blood diffuse into the interstitial cells, then into the central nervous system (CNS) and finally into the neurons. Within the CNS, energy is required for synthesis of signals and conveyance of information to the muscles. This explains the emergence of symptoms such as drowsiness, difficulty in talking, dizziness, and seizure. Generally lack of enough glucose supply to the brain would result in confusion and in severe cases, it is preceded with dizziness and drowsiness, seizure and finally, the patient can go into a c oma.

Methods of research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Methods of research - Assignment Example Answer to Question 2: The first step is to define and refine a topic. Here, the researcher starts with a clearly defined and well-focused research question and a plan. The second step is to design the search. This step involves planning the research strategy at which point the research decides on the type of literature review, its extent, and the forms of literature to include. The third step is locating the research literature. This step depends on the type of literature sought. It is usually advisable that multiple research strategies be employed in order to counteract the limitations of a single search method. The fourth step is evaluating the results and determining what to record. The final step is to write the review. This requires planning and good, clear writing. The aims and objectives of the study need to be kept in mind and then be questioned and evaluated, not just accepted as facts. Answer to Question 3: A keyword is an important term relating to a specific topic, and is likely to be found in a title. Keywords are important in the literature search because they help the researcher obtain relevant information. This is because keywords break down the research problem into its key words or concepts which can be searched with ease. Answer to Question 4: The steps of writing a quantitative review of literature are: identifying the problem or research question; determining the purpose of the study; searching and reviewing the literature relating to the question and developing a framework; defining and refining the research question or formulating a research hypothesis; selecting the research method and determining the design of the study; specifying the group of subjects to be studied. Answer to Question 6: This depends on what sample size she needed but she seems wrong. The first step should have been to determine the population from which the sample was to be selected. Supposing that the town had a population of

Policy Is Now Made In A More Democratic Manner Essay Example for Free

Policy Is Now Made In A More Democratic Manner Essay What Extent Do You Agree With This Statement? The 1997 general election in Britain changed the way that policies were made in both of the leading political parties. The Labour Party is composed of three major institutions: The NEC (National Executive Committee) -the administrative authority of the party, the PLP (Parliamentary Labour Party) which consists of all elected Labour Party MP s and the Annual Party Conference. The Annual Party Conference is the supreme decision-making body within the Party. Ordinary members of the party are given the opportunity to publicly articulate their views and for cabinet members (or shadow cabinet members if the party is not in government) to deliver set-speeches directed towards the party or the public. The Conservative Party had a system where power rested entirely in the hands of parliamentarians with little or no organisation outside of parliament. It also consisted of three main institutions: The Parliamentary Conservative Party, the National Union Of Conservative and Unionist Associations and The Conservative Central Office. The ultimate decision making body in the Party is the leader himself. He or she may be advised however this advice does not have to be taken. Before 1997, any member of the Labour party could raise a topic to be debated. However after the 1997 election, in an attempt by Tony Blair to meet the demands of party unity and discipline, the Labour Party changed its structure to include the NPF (National Policy Forum). The job of the National Policy Forum was to set our the agenda to be discussed at the annual party conference.Members could no longer bring up issues during the conference. Instead, members could make an application to the forum for a debate on a particular topic although the ultimate decision would be made by the forum. Although members were still free to convey their views at the annual conference. The Conservatives adopted a similar system to the Labour Party. The Conservative Party also underwent structural changes after the 1997 election. In a bid to make the party more democratic, William Hague introduced the Fresh Future. This included the creation of two new bodies, the National Conservative Convention and the Conservative Policy Forum (although these act as advisory bodies only, the final decision rests with the leader). In conclusion, the Labour Party certainly makes policy in a less democratic way. From an open conference where members could freely bring up topics for debate to a forum where only a select few have the ultimate decision in deciding party policies. This reform has decreased the number of members who can participate in making policies and reduced the range of views that the policies represent. Although the Conservative Party has made an attempt to make its policy making more democratic by introducing the Fresh Future and the new Conservative Policy Forum, the leader still holds the ultimate decision when deciding on policy and although it increases the number of people who can attempt to advise the leader although the leader still has ultimate power when making decisions so it means nothing. It is therefore concluded that party policy is not now made in a more democratic manner.

Reflection On The Ppph And Mph Course

Reflection On The Ppph And Mph Course My life before the MPH I have been at the University of Liverpool for the past sixteen years, starting as a BSc Microbiology student, then with my PhD on Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD), and finally working as a research associate on several clinical trials in Malawi, Africa and in Liverpool. I am currently in Primary Care and have just undertaken a feasibility intervention study by NHS Health trainers. Working on this study promoted me to reflect on my own work experience and identify any gaps in my knowledge, which resulted in me applying as a part-time student on the MPH course. Because I only had a contract to the summer of 2010, I was only able to register for some of the course, as a PGCert student. As a result, I have not done the complete MPH, but only the five modules outlined below. First Semester Health Society Quantitative Research Methods I Second Semester An intro to Qualitative Research Health Economics Policy Politics in Public Health I choose these particular modules in relation to the gaps in my knowledge, except in the case of QRM I, which I saw as a refresher course. I would describe myself as a quantitative researcher, who had very little qualitative experience. Although on trials in Malawi and Liverpool, members of the team undertook some qualitative research that I managed on a day-to-day basis. Therefore, I had some understanding of the practicalities in undertaking this type of research but not in the theoretical background, methodology and analysis. Therefore, it was very important for me to do the qualitative parts of the course, as within my current role in Primary Care I will be more hands on with qualitative research. As part of the NHS Health trainer feasibility study, the team looked at the health economics and its implications, in collaboration with colleagues at the University of East Anglia; therefore, it was valuable for me to do this module. In addition, as part of this study I looked at the history and development of the NHS Health trainer policy by the government so I did the PPPH module to help me to put this research into context. So what would I say was my Public Health experience? Well to start with, I think I have worked on research topics of public health importance throughout my time at the University of Liverpool but I may not have formally seen it as the case. I can see this when I reflect on my previous experiences, starting with my PhD, where I studied STDs in Nigeria, as part of my time there we undertook some promotion of condoms within the local rural community. Also in Malawi, one project was on reproductive health issues and again as part of a team, we promoted the safe motherhood programme. Moreover, in the last clinical trial in Malawi, the team was testing an efficacy of a Rotavirus vaccine against diarrhoeal disease, which because of that research has become part of the recommended World Health Organisation vaccine schedule for babies. For that reason, although there has clearly been a public health agenda within my work but I did not see it, it was very important for me to undertake this cou rse. In order to supplement my previous knowledge within the theoretical basis of Public Health and learn some new practical ways to help when I am conducting future research. Public Health Policy Module On of my reason for undertaking, this module was to understand how people create public health policy, the impact of politics has in that, and finally how the implementation of the policy comes into being for ordinary people. As a result, I came into the module with the aims of understanding the workings of the process of policy formation. Overall, I have found the topics in the module very interesting and motivating. As stated earlier, as part of my job I looked at the history and development of the NHS Health trainer policy with their role in helping people to have a healthy life-style. But when I looked at the document trial for this policy I was shocked to see that the role of NHS Health Trainer just seemed to appear in the 2004 white paper Choosing Health: Making healthy choices easier (1), without any supporting research evidence, or even case studies showing how this worked in a UK setting in that white paper. Nevertheless, it was still enshrined into government policy, which has resulted in people, all over the country, employed to be NHS Health trainers. Therefore, I hoped that the PPPH module would give me some insight into how this happened. Consequently, in that context I found the readings and lectures for week two, on Public Health Policy Theoretical background to Policy Formulation and Development in the UK context very enlightening. In the lecture on What is policy, it was interesting that hear that a definition of health policy described as anything the government does, making decisions and implementing actions that allocates a value and how they translate their political vision to deliver outcomes desired changes in the real world. Also outlined were the various different models, which brought home to me the complexity in the development of policy, and the importance that policy should be evidence based. When I related this lecture back to my own experience with NHS Health trainer policy, I could see that how it derived its origin, from the political idea of choice in influencing public behaviour to improve health and wellbeing. This idea was supported by one of the pre-lecture readings, where Mulgan (2010) stated that we know people care about their health and the link of illness with their everyday choices, but they find it hard to adopt healthier behaviours, therefore how does the government help people to make to help people make the right choices for them (2). Therefore, it seems that the NHS Health trainer policy appears to be political intervention, designed to mop up gaps and strengthen other areas driven by the idea of having a healthy choice. In addition, I saw how the government has not adopted the nudge approach to this policy, which soft and non-intrusive and preserves an individual freedom of choice in that you do not remove the unhealthy choice altogether. But, used the stewardship model, which sees government as having an active, positive role, in that it promotes health by providing information and advice, with NHS Health trainer programme to help people overcome unhealthy behaviours (3). I can see the NHS Health Trainers policy ticking all the right boxes, such as community involvement, not top down, and client focused but the evidence base for this policy is weak, with the NHS Health Trainers Initiative website devoted to guidance notes and health trainer only. Up till now, recent publications on the main outcomes of the national and local reports for NHS Health Trainers Initiative of Health trainers have focussed on recruitment and training of Health trainers and analysis of service delivery but not client outcomes (4;5). Crucially, no studies have examined the effectiveness of Health Trainers at promoting heart-healthy lifestyles, with our work being only a feasibility study, which we have not yet published. This seemed to me to be back to front way of doing it. However, in reflection the lectures, in week 3, on Influencing Public Health Policy were interesting as, I am looking at to how my own work on Health trainers could have an impact on the current policy. Th ese lectures brought home again, how complex the world of Policy and Politics is within Public Health. I can draw on the experiences of the speakers, in week 3, in their roles as advocates for policy change from inside and outside the system. It is clear that policy change is not linear but follows a circular pattern; within this circle therefore, as a researcher, I can contribute by increasing the knowledge base for this policy. I found researching for the debate, I was part of the team looking at the argument for the motion on the Marmot Report, gave me a greater insight into the difficulties of addressing the health problems in our society. One of the key points our team made, was that the way our current public health policy looks at tackling the symptoms rather than the root causes of health inequalities. Moreover, from my reading around in preparation for this work, the question arose as to how we do not address the real issues, which at the root of it is the political ideology of Neo-liberalism. Navarro (2007) pointed out that real problem is not absolute resources but the degree one has control over ones own life in every society (6). In this article, Navarro gave an example of this quoted below. An unskilled, unemployed, young black person living in the ghetto area of Baltimore has more resources (he or she is likely to have a car, a mobile phone, a TV, and more square feet per household and more kitchen equipment) than a middle-class professional in Ghana, Africa. If the whole world were just a single society, the Baltimore youth would be middle class and the Ghana professional would be poor. And yet, the first has a much shorter life expectancy (45 years) than the second (62 years). How can that be, when the first has more resources than the second? (6) This created a powerful image, which brought home that message to me about how the inequalities affect our society. There has been a focus on the phenomenon of lifestyle drift, whereby governments start with a commitment to dealing with the wider social determinants of health but end up instigating narrow lifestyle interventions on individual behaviours, even where action at a governmental level may offer the greater chance of success, this can be seen in the NHS Health trainer policy. Even though I had to argue for the impossibility in implementing the recommendations of Marmot, I strongly believe that when making changes we need to be part of a collective membership where we take decisions not just in the interest of an individual but also for the everyone as a whole. On the other hand, on a note of pessimism I was shocked as to how successive governments failure to act on the health inequalities reports prior to Marmot, such as the Black Report (1980), Acheson Report (1998) and Wanless Report (2004). Consequently, we need to understand the political determinants of health and act upon them, even if it seems risky and painful to implement the changes needed. Has my perspective changed? As I have only done some modules of the MPH, I will reflect on the impact of these. However as it now seems I will be, continuing next year with the remaining modules, I expect these views to change in the coming year as do the other modules. The question asks what affect this course has had my own understanding of and my future approach to public health. Well, as explained earlier, before undertaking this course I could see how my work has had elements of dealing with public health issues at the coalface, as it were in Africa and latterly in the UK, but I seemed unaware of them at the time. I think that is clearly one of the important changes to how I view public health from now on. Over the course of all the modules, I have seen very much the interconnectivity of all the disciplines in both developing the knowledge base for and creating public health policy itself. As I have trained as a quantitative scientist, very much grounded in the positivist view of society, I found the two qualitative modules very enlightening. One of the results from my study on the NHS Health trainer was how little people engaged with the programme even though we recruited people into the study because of they had risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as obesity. A group of people who at the outset we thought would be an ideal group for the intervention. However, when looking at the pattern of behaviour in the quantitative data at each stage of the study, a higher than normal proportion of this group did not take up our offer and engage with our Health trainers. Fortunately, in parallel to this research the team conducted qualitative interviews with some of the participants. Therefore, we were able to get some information on why we saw this affect, with the view coming out that some people were hoping that the LHTs would find a nutritional magic bullet but when faced with the reality that the programme only involved motivational support they disengaged. Therefore, as a specific example of a change in my practice in the future, I see the need to incorporate a mixed paradigm approach, quantitative and qualitative, to get the whole research picture. Therefore, in undertaking the two qualitative modules I know feel I have a good understanding of the theory and practice to start adopting this as an effective approach to my research.